Reverse osmosis desalination: A state-of-the-art review ...
2019-6-1u2002·u20022.1. Osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure is closely related to the colligative properties of a solution such as freezing point depression and boiling point elevation [].For ideal dilute solutions, the osmotic pressure (π) can be estimated using the van't Hoff equation given below []: (1) π = CRT where, C is the molar concentration of a non-permeable solute in the solution (mol/L), R is the ...
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